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diff --git a/doc/driver-model/usb-info.txt b/doc/driver-model/usb-info.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66f2dae --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/driver-model/usb-info.txt @@ -0,0 +1,415 @@ +How USB works with driver model +=============================== + +Introduction +------------ + +Driver model USB support makes use of existing features but changes how +drivers are found. This document provides some information intended to help +understand how things work with USB in U-Boot when driver model is enabled. + + +Enabling driver model for USB +----------------------------- + +A new CONFIG_DM_USB option is provided to enable driver model for USB. This +causes the USB uclass to be included, and drops the equivalent code in +usb.c. In particular the usb_init() function is then implemented by the +uclass. + + +Support for EHCI and XHCI +------------------------- + +So far OHCI is not supported. Both EHCI and XHCI drivers should be declared +as drivers in the USB uclass. For example: + +static const struct udevice_id ehci_usb_ids[] = { + { .compatible = "nvidia,tegra20-ehci", .data = USB_CTLR_T20 }, + { .compatible = "nvidia,tegra30-ehci", .data = USB_CTLR_T30 }, + { .compatible = "nvidia,tegra114-ehci", .data = USB_CTLR_T114 }, + { } +}; + +U_BOOT_DRIVER(usb_ehci) = { + .name = "ehci_tegra", + .id = UCLASS_USB, + .of_match = ehci_usb_ids, + .ofdata_to_platdata = ehci_usb_ofdata_to_platdata, + .probe = tegra_ehci_usb_probe, + .remove = tegra_ehci_usb_remove, + .ops = &ehci_usb_ops, + .platdata_auto_alloc_size = sizeof(struct usb_platdata), + .priv_auto_alloc_size = sizeof(struct fdt_usb), + .flags = DM_FLAG_ALLOC_PRIV_DMA, +}; + +Here ehci_usb_ids is used to list the controllers that the driver supports. +Each has its own data value. Controllers must be in the UCLASS_USB uclass. + +The ofdata_to_platdata() method allows the controller driver to grab any +necessary settings from the device tree. + +The ops here are ehci_usb_ops. All EHCI drivers will use these same ops in +most cases, since they are all EHCI-compatible. For EHCI there are also some +special operations that can be overridden when calling ehci_register(). + +The driver can use priv_auto_alloc_size to set the size of its private data. +This can hold run-time information needed by the driver for operation. It +exists when the device is probed (not when it is bound) and is removed when +the driver is removed. + +Note that usb_platdata is currently only used to deal with setting up a bus +in USB device mode (OTG operation). It can be omitted if that is not +supported. + +The driver's probe() method should do the basic controller init and then +call ehci_register() to register itself as an EHCI device. It should call +ehci_deregister() in the remove() method. Registering a new EHCI device +does not by itself cause the bus to be scanned. + +The old ehci_hcd_init() function is no-longer used. Nor is it necessary to +set up the USB controllers from board init code. When 'usb start' is used, +each controller will be probed and its bus scanned. + +XHCI works in a similar way. + + +Data structures +--------------- + +The following primary data structures are in use: + +- struct usb_device + This holds information about a device on the bus. All devices have + this structure, even the root hub. The controller itself does not + have this structure. You can access it for a device 'dev' with + dev_get_parentdata(dev). It matches the old structure except that the + parent and child information is not present (since driver model + handles that). Once the device is set up, you can find the device + descriptor and current configuration descriptor in this structure. + +- struct usb_platdata + This holds platform data for a controller. So far this is only used + as a work-around for controllers which can act as USB devices in OTG + mode, since the gadget framework does not use driver model. + +- struct usb_dev_platdata + This holds platform data for a device. You can access it for a + device 'dev' with dev_get_parent_platdata(dev). It holds the device + address and speed - anything that can be determined before the device + driver is actually set up. When probing the bus this structure is + used to provide essential information to the device driver. + +- struct usb_bus_priv + This is private information for each controller, maintained by the + controller uclass. It is mostly used to keep track of the next + device address to use. + +Of these, only struct usb_device was used prior to driver model. + + +USB buses +--------- + +Given a controller, you know the bus - it is the one attached to the +controller. Each controller handles exactly one bus. Every controller has a +root hub attached to it. This hub, which is itself a USB device, can provide +one or more 'ports' to which additional devices can be attached. It is +possible to power up a hub and find out which of its ports have devices +attached. + +Devices are given addresses starting at 1. The root hub is always address 1, +and from there the devices are numbered in sequence. The USB uclass takes +care of this numbering automatically during enumeration. + +USB devices are enumerated by finding a device on a particular hub, and +setting its address to the next available address. The USB bus stretches out +in a tree structure, potentially with multiple hubs each with several ports +and perhaps other hubs. Some hubs will have their own power since otherwise +the 5V 500mA power supplied by the controller will not be sufficient to run +very many devices. + +Enumeration in U-Boot takes a long time since devices are probed one at a +time, and each is given sufficient time to wake up and announce itself. The +timeouts are set for the slowest device. + +Up to 127 devices can be on each bus. USB has four bus speeds: low +(1.5Mbps), full (12Mbps), high (480Mbps) which is only available with USB2 +and newer (EHCI), and super (5Gbps) which is only available with USB3 and +newer (XHCI). If you connect a super-speed device to a high-speed hub, you +will only get high-speed. + + +USB operations +-------------- + +As before driver model, messages can be sent using submit_bulk_msg() and the +like. These are now implemented by the USB uclass and route through the +controller drivers. Note that messages are not sent to the driver of the +device itself - i.e. they don't pass down the stack to the controller. +U-Boot simply finds the controller to which the device is attached, and sends +the message there with an appropriate 'pipe' value so it can be addressed +properly. Having said that, the USB device which should receive the message +is passed in to the driver methods, for use by sandbox. This design decision +is open for review and the code impact of changing it is small since the +methods are typically implemented by the EHCI and XHCI stacks. + +Controller drivers (in UCLASS_USB) themselves provide methods for sending +each message type. For XHCI an additional alloc_device() method is provided +since XHCI needs to allocate a device context before it can even read the +device's descriptor. + +These methods use a 'pipe' which is a collection of bit fields used to +describe the type of message, direction of transfer and the intended +recipient (device number). + + +USB Devices +----------- + +USB devices are found using a simple algorithm which works through the +available hubs in a depth-first search. Devices can be in any uclass, but +are attached to a parent hub (or controller in the case of the root hub) and +so have parent data attached to them (this is struct usb_device). + +By the time the device's probe() method is called, it is enumerated and is +ready to talk to the host. + +The enumeration process needs to work out which driver to attach to each USB +device. It does this by examining the device class, interface class, vendor +ID, product ID, etc. See struct usb_driver_entry for how drivers are matched +with USB devices - you can use the USB_DEVICE() macro to declare a USB +driver. For example, usb_storage.c defines a USB_DEVICE() to handle storage +devices, and it will be used for all USB devices which match. + + + +Technical details on enumeration flow +------------------------------------- + +It is useful to understand precisely how a USB bus is enumerating to avoid +confusion when dealing with USB devices. + +Device initialisation happens roughly like this: + +- At some point the 'usb start' command is run +- This calls usb_init() which works through each controller in turn +- The controller is probed(). This does no enumeration. +- Then usb_scan_bus() is called. This calls usb_scan_device() to scan the +(only) device that is attached to the controller - a root hub +- usb_scan_device() sets up a fake struct usb_device and calls +usb_setup_device(), passing the port number to be scanned, in this case port +0 +- usb_setup_device() first calls usb_prepare_device() to set the device +address, then usb_select_config() to select the first configuration +- at this point the device is enumerated but we do not have a real struct +udevice for it. But we do have the descriptor in struct usb_device so we can +use this to figure out what driver to use +- back in usb_scan_device(), we call usb_find_child() to try to find an +existing device which matches the one we just found on the bus. This can +happen if the device is mentioned in the device tree, or if we previously +scanned the bus and so the device was created before +- if usb_find_child() does not find an existing device, we call +usb_find_and_bind_driver() which tries to bind one +- usb_find_and_bind_driver() searches all available USB drivers (declared +with USB_DEVICE()). If it finds a match it binds that driver to create a new +device. +- If it does not, it binds a generic driver. A generic driver is good enough +to allow access to the device (sending it packets, etc.) but all +functionality will need to be implemented outside the driver model. +- in any case, when usb_find_child() and/or usb_find_and_bind_driver() are +done, we have a device with the correct uclass. At this point we want to +probe the device +- first we store basic information about the new device (address, port, +speed) in its parent platform data. We cannot store it its private data +since that will not exist until the device is probed. +- then we call device_probe() which probes the device +- the first probe step is actually the USB controller's (or USB hubs's) +child_pre_probe() method. This gets called before anything else and is +intended to set up a child device ready to be used with its parent bus. For +USB this calls usb_child_pre_probe() which grabs the information that was +stored in the parent platform data and stores it in the parent private data +(which is struct usb_device, a real one this time). It then calls +usb_select_config() again to make sure that everything about the device is +set up +- note that we have called usb_select_config() twice. This is inefficient +but the alternative is to store additional information in the platform data. +The time taken is minimal and this way is simpler +- at this point the device is set up and ready for use so far as the USB +subsystem is concerned +- the device's probe() method is then called. It can send messages and do +whatever else it wants to make the device work. + +Note that the first device is always a root hub, and this must be scanned to +find any devices. The above steps will have created a hub (UCLASS_USB_HUB), +given it address 1 and set the configuration. + +For hubs, the hub uclass has a post_probe() method. This means that after +any hub is probed, the uclass gets to do some processing. In this case +usb_hub_post_probe() is called, and the following steps take place: + +- usb_hub_post_probe() calls usb_hub_scan() to scan the hub, which in turn +calls usb_hub_configure() +- hub power is enabled +- we loop through each port on the hub, performing the same steps for each +- first, check if there is a device present. This happens in +usb_hub_port_connect_change(). If so, then usb_scan_device() is called to +scan the device, passing the appropriate port number. +- you will recognise usb_scan_device() from the steps above. It sets up the +device ready for use. If it is a hub, it will scan that hub before it +continues here (recursively, depth-first) +- once all hub ports are scanned in this way, the hub is ready for use and +all of its downstream devices also +- additional controllers are scanned in the same way + +The above method has some nice properties: + +- the bus enumeration happens by virtue of driver model's natural device flow +- most logic is in the USB controller and hub uclasses; the actual device +drivers do not need to know they are on a USB bus, at least so far as +enumeration goes +- hub scanning happens automatically after a hub is probed + + +Hubs +---- + +USB hubs are scanned as in the section above. While hubs have their own +uclass, they share some common elements with controllers: + +- they both attach private data to their children (struct usb_device, +accessible for a child with dev_get_parentdata(child)) +- they both use usb_child_pre_probe() to set up their children as proper USB +devices + + +Example - Mass Storage +---------------------- + +As an example of a USB device driver, see usb_storage.c. It uses its own +uclass and declares itself as follows: + +U_BOOT_DRIVER(usb_mass_storage) = { + .name = "usb_mass_storage", + .id = UCLASS_MASS_STORAGE, + .of_match = usb_mass_storage_ids, + .probe = usb_mass_storage_probe, +}; + +static const struct usb_device_id mass_storage_id_table[] = { + { .match_flags = USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_CLASS, + .bInterfaceClass = USB_CLASS_MASS_STORAGE}, + { } /* Terminating entry */ +}; + +USB_DEVICE(usb_mass_storage, mass_storage_id_table); + +The USB_DEVICE() macro attaches the given table of matching information to +the given driver. Note that the driver is declared in U_BOOT_DRIVER() as +'usb_mass_storage' and this must match the first parameter of USB_DEVICE. + +When usb_find_and_bind_driver() is called on a USB device with the +bInterfaceClass value of USB_CLASS_MASS_STORAGE, it will automatically find +this driver and use it. + + +Counter-example: USB Ethernet +----------------------------- + +As an example of the old way of doing things, see usb_ether.c. When the bus +is scanned, all Ethernet devices will be created as generic USB devices (in +uclass UCLASS_USB_DEV_GENERIC). Then, when the scan is completed, +usb_host_eth_scan() will be called. This looks through all the devices on +each bus and manually figures out which are Ethernet devices in the ways of +yore. + +In fact, usb_ether should be moved to driver model. Each USB Ethernet driver +(e.g drivers/usb/eth/asix.c) should include a USB_DEVICE() declaration, so +that it will be found as part of normal USB enumeration. Then, instead of a +generic USB driver, a real (driver-model-aware) driver will be used. Since +Ethernet now supports driver model, this should be fairly easy to achieve, +and then usb_ether.c and the usb_host_eth_scan() will melt away. + + +Sandbox +------- + +All driver model uclasses must have tests and USB is no exception. To +achieve this, a sandbox USB controller is provided. This can make use of +emulation drivers which pretend to be USB devices. Emulations are provided +for a hub and a flash stick. These are enough to create a pretend USB bus +(defined by the sandbox device tree sandbox.dts) which can be scanned and +used. + +Tests in test/dm/usb.c make use of this feature. It allows much of the USB +stack to be tested without real hardware being needed. + +Here is an example device tree fragment: + + usb@1 { + compatible = "sandbox,usb"; + hub { + compatible = "usb-hub"; + usb,device-class = <USB_CLASS_HUB>; + hub-emul { + compatible = "sandbox,usb-hub"; + #address-cells = <1>; + #size-cells = <0>; + flash-stick { + reg = <0>; + compatible = "sandbox,usb-flash"; + sandbox,filepath = "flash.bin"; + }; + }; + }; + }; + +This defines a single controller, containing a root hub (which is required). +The hub is emulated by a hub emulator, and the emulated hub has a single +flash stick to emulate on one of its ports. + +When 'usb start' is used, the following 'dm tree' output will be available: + + usb [ + ] `-- usb@1 + usb_hub [ + ] `-- hub + usb_emul [ + ] |-- hub-emul + usb_emul [ + ] | `-- flash-stick + usb_mass_st [ + ] `-- usb_mass_storage + + +This may look confusing. Most of it mirrors the device tree, but the +'usb_mass_storage' device is not in the device tree. This is created by +usb_find_and_bind_driver() based on the USB_DRIVER in usb_storage.c. While +'flash-stick' is the emulation device, 'usb_mass_storage' is the real U-Boot +USB device driver that talks to it. + + +Future work +----------- + +It is pretty uncommon to have a large USB bus with lots of hubs on an +embedded system. In fact anything other than a root hub is uncommon. Still +it would be possible to speed up enumeration in two ways: + +- breadth-first search would allow devices to be reset and probed in +parallel to some extent +- enumeration could be lazy, in the sense that we could enumerate just the +root hub at first, then only progress to the next 'level' when a device is +used that we cannot find. This could be made easier if the devices were +statically declared in the device tree (which is acceptable for production +boards where the same, known, things are on each bus). + +But in common cases the current algorithm is sufficient. + +Other things that need doing: +- Convert usb_ether to use driver model as described above +- Test that keyboards work (and convert to driver model) +- Move the USB gadget framework to driver model +- Implement OHCI in driver model +- Implement USB PHYs in driver model +- Work out a clever way to provide lazy init for USB devices + +-- +Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org> +23-Mar-15 |